Abstract

Traditionally, the works of Chokan Valikhanov have been perceived as a valuable source of historical, ethnographic, geographical, and economic knowledge, as well as information about the everyday life and spiritual culture of the Kazakhs and other Oriental nations. In this regard, the great methodological significance of his works that studied social phenomena and their underlying causes - in particular, social conflicts and tension - is not always clearly understood or prominently featured.

The methodological approach applied by the Valikhanov allows for a more profound and scientific analysis of the phenomenon under review. According to Valikhanov, the root cause of social conflict, of popular uprisings and protests is the unity of objective and subjective factors. Only in the presence of objective factors such as real discontent of the people, triggered by difficult economic living conditions and political injustice, combined with a subjective factor in the form of leaders capable of expressing popular discontent and leading the people, do social conflicts flare up and popular uprisings arise as a solution to objective social tension.