Abstract

The article examines the works of Abai and Sultanmakhmut from the perspective of the philosophy of religion, analyzing their views on religion at a new theoretical level. Religion is presented not only as a system of beliefs but also as a philosophical phenomenon that fosters human spiritual growth and perfection based on reason and knowledge. Abai’s views on religion are grounded in spiritual and moral values, justice, and virtue, while Sultanmakhmut’s works focus on revealing the potential of religion, free from dogmatic constraints, to influence society’s spiritual renewal. Sultanmahmud presents religion not only as faith but also as an intellectual support aimed at the spiritual development of the individual. One way to eliminate ignorance, according to him, is to filter religion through reason, asserting that it should not hinder societal progress, but rather serve as a spiritual foundation. The «philosophy of religion» is based on understanding religion not merely as an external phenomenon, but as an object of rational analysis. From this standpoint, studying Sultanmahmud ‘s work reveals that his view of religion is not merely a collection of enlightenment ideas. He subjects religion to philosophical reflection, critically evaluating its role and potential in society. By critiquing the dogmatism and formalism in religion, Sultanmahmud emphasizes its ultimate purpose — the spiritual development of the individual and its impact on civilizational progress. This clearly demonstrates that he regarded the religious question as an internal factor in the evolution of national consciousness and cultural renaissance. The ideas of both thinkers contributed to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of religion in national philosophical thought. The article proposes a new methodology for understanding religion, considering it a key factor in the spiritual and intellectual development of society.