Abstract

This article examines the role of women within the spiritual and cultural worldview of the Kazakh people through the lens of historical continuity. The study systematically analyzes gender norms and patriarchal structures in traditional society, the impact of Soviet-era emancipation policies, and the institutional transformations that have occurred in the period of independence. Particular attention is given to the educational and enlightenment role of the early Soviet publication Ayel Teñdigi (“Women’s Equality”, 1925), which contributed to shaping public consciousness on gender issues.
The discussion further addresses current challenges to gender equality in Kazakhstan, including women’s legal awareness, wage disparities in the labor market, and unequal representation in political and decision-making processes, supported by concrete examples. As a comparative perspective, the study explores the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is grounded in Sharia law. The analysis focuses on family law, inheritance, testimony, and women’s participation in public spaces, while also considering the dynamics of civic mobilization since 2022 and the intensification of legal regulations in 2024. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the necessity of integrating legal reforms with broader cultural transformation to enhance the effectiveness of gender policy. It advocates for the advancement of gender-sensitive education, the implementation of gender-responsive budgeting, the disaggregation of statistical data by sex, the prevention of gender-based violence, and the strengthening of partnerships with civil society institutions, including non-governmental organizations.